Rethinking Federalism: Why Somalia’s Current System Is Failing the Nation

The federal system in Somalia, introduced as part of the post-conflict state-building framework, was intended to provide balance, autonomy, and stability in a deeply fractured country. But over a decade later, it has become increasingly clear that Somalia’s federal model is no longer serving its intended purpose. Instead of fostering unity and effective governance, it has become a source of fragmentation, political deadlock, and institutional paralysis.

Originally conceived as a compromise to ease clan tensions and distribute power across regions, federalism in Somalia has evolved into a system with no meaningful checks and balances. Federal Member States (FMS) often operate with little coordination or accountability to the central government. In many cases, they act as parallel governments, signing independent security and economic agreements with foreign actors — often in violation of national sovereignty and the Somali Constitution.

This decentralized model has:

• Weakened national institutions by duplicating functions and creating conflicting authorities

• Obstructed national policy-making and the implementation of unified development plans

• Enabled foreign interference, where external actors exploit fragmented authorities for strategic gain

• Failed to deliver services to citizens, especially in regions where local leaders prioritize personal power over public good

Perhaps most importantly, the system has undermined democratic accountability. While regional leaders are chosen through opaque, elite-based selection processes, the average Somali citizen remains excluded from both local and national decision-making. The promise of federalism as a democratic framework has given way to political fiefdoms entrenched in clan-based patronage.

It is time to rethink the Somali federal system. Somalia needs a governance model that strengthens national unity, restores central authority, and empowers citizens through direct democratic participation — not one that deepens division and rewards impunity.

True federalism requires trust, functioning institutions, and a shared national vision — all of which are lacking in Somalia’s current setup. A new political settlement must prioritize inclusive governance, accountability, and the sovereignty of the Somali people.

Somalia deserves a system built on citizen legitimacy, not elite negotiation. The future must belong to the people — not to a broken formula that has long outlived its purpose.